API SQL Downloads

This is an experimental feature, and the implementation may change throughout 2024. The feature is currently only available for preview by invited users. Contact helpdesk@gbif.org to request access.

The experimental Occurrence SQL Download API allows users to query GBIF occurrences using SQL, structured query language, a programming language commonly used to access database systems. In contrast to the Predicate Download API, the SQL API allows selection of the columns of interest and generation of summary views of GBIF data. Functions to generate species occurrence cubes are available as part of the Biodiversity Building Blocks for Policy project.

Occurrence SQL downloads are created asynchronously — the user requests a download and, once the download is prepared, is sent an email with a link to the resulting file.

Users must have registered on GBIF.org to create an SQL download request, and to authenticate using the username (not the email) and password.

Using this API requires some knowledge of SQL. Many general tutorials and guides to writing SQL queries are online, see for example the section on aggregating and grouping data within Data management with SQL for Ecologists by Data Carpentry.

We will create a user interface for common types of query (including data cubes) during 2024.

Requesting an SQL occurrence download

A download request includes your username, email address, the download format, and the filter for the required data in the form of an SQL statement.

A basic example using the curl command to make the request:

Put this in a file called query.json:

{
  "sendNotification": true,
  "notificationAddresses": [
    "userEmail@example.org" (1)
  ],
  "format": "SQL_TSV_ZIP", (2)
  "sql": "SELECT datasetKey, countryCode, COUNT(*) FROM occurrence WHERE continent = 'EUROPE' GROUP BY datasetKey, countryCode" (3)
}

1	Replace with your email address, or remove the `notificationAddresses` and `sendNotification` values
2	`format` must be `SQL_TSV_ZIP`. More formats will be added later.
3	This query will count occurrences from Europe per dataset and country.

Then use this curl command:

curl --include --user YOUR_GBIF_USERNAME:YOUR_PASSWORD --header "Content-Type: application/json" --data @query.json https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/request

The first line of the output shows the result of the download request:

If the query is accepted the first line of output should be HTTP/2 201, and a download key will be returned on the last line.
If the SQL is not valid, the first line of the output will be HTTP/2 400. There may be useful information on the error at the end of the output.
HTTP/2 401 means your username or password is incorrect
HTTP/2 403 means your username does not have permission to use this prototype feature — contact helpdesk@gbif.org.

Querying the download key from an accepted request shows the download information, including the download link and DOI once the download is ready. Run this repeatedly, until you see SUCCEEDED — you will need to use your download key rather than the example:

curl -Ss https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000379-240229165702484

You can then download the resulting file:

curl --location --remote-name https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/request/0000379-240229165702484.zip

And see the result:

datasetkey	countrycode	COUNT(*)
005eb8d8-ed94-41be-89cf-e3115a9058e4	AD	1
009a76f6-0960-4a56-a116-63991e6bb037	GR	3
0214a6a7-898f-4ee8-b888-0be60ecde81f	PT	84
03f2256a-e548-43d7-a731-253302f4aa34	LV	27
040c5662-da76-4782-a48e-cdea1892d14c	IS	1306
06aeea22-c116-4df2-93af-2d8321482801	FR	24
07fd0d79-4883-435f-bba1-58fef110cd13	PL	357

datasetkey

countrycode

COUNT(*)

005eb8d8-ed94-41be-89cf-e3115a9058e4

009a76f6-0960-4a56-a116-63991e6bb037

0214a6a7-898f-4ee8-b888-0be60ecde81f

03f2256a-e548-43d7-a731-253302f4aa34

040c5662-da76-4782-a48e-cdea1892d14c

1306

06aeea22-c116-4df2-93af-2d8321482801

07fd0d79-4883-435f-bba1-58fef110cd13

357

Supported SQL

Only SELECT queries are supported, and only queries against a single table named occurrence. JOIN queries and sub-queries are not allowed. Selecting * is also not allowed, specify the columns you need.

GROUP BY queries are supported, as are basic SQL window functions (OVER and PARTITION BY). The group and partition filters (HAVING and QUALIFY) are not yet supported.

Most common SQL operators and functions are supported, such as AND, OR, NOT, IS NULL, RAND(), ROUND(…), LOWER(…), etc.

Aggregate functions are also supported, for example COUNT(…), MIN(…), MAX(…), AVERAGE(…).

Several custom functions are available:

GBIF_GeoDistance
GBIF_JoinArray
GBIF_TemporalUncertainty
GBIF_ToISO8601
GBIF_ToLocalISO8601
GBIF_Within

As well as custom gridding functions:

GBIF_EEARGCode
GBIF_EQDGCCode
GBIF_MGRSCode

See the separate page on the available SQL functions.

Available columns

The occurrence table contains the interpreted data, the verbatim (as provided to GBIF) data, and some calculated columns useful for searching. The full list of available columns is show below, and is also available through this API call — the name field is the column name. Note the v_ prefix for the verbatim data columns.

Full list of available SQL column names

The definitions marked with are from the Darwin Core standard.

The definitions marked with are from GBIF, and may reflect the result of interpretation and data quality procedures applied by GBIF, or they may not be part of Darwin Core.

Column name Data type Nullable Definition

Column name	Data type	Nullable	Definition
gbifid	String	No	Unique GBIF key for the occurrence. We aim to keep these keys stable, but this is not possible in every case.
accessrights	String	Yes	Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status.
bibliographiccitation	String	Yes	A bibliographic reference for the resource.
language	String	Yes	A language of the resource.
license	String	Yes	A legal document giving official permission to do something with the occurrence.
modified	Timestamp	Yes	The most recent date-time on which the occurrence was changed, according to the publisher.
publisher	String	Yes	The name of the organization publishing this record
references	String	Yes	A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.
rightsholder	String	Yes	A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
type	String	Yes	The nature or genre of the resource.
institutionid	String	Yes	An identifier for the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.
collectionid	String	Yes	An identifier for the collection or dataset from which the record was derived.
datasetid	String array	Yes	An identifier for the set of data. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to a collection or institution.
institutioncode	String	Yes	The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.
collectioncode	String	Yes	The name, acronym, coden, or initialism identifying the collection or data set from which the record was derived.
datasetname	String array	Yes	The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived.
ownerinstitutioncode	String	Yes	The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having ownership of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.
basisofrecord	String	Yes	The values of the Darwin Core term Basis of Record which can apply to occurrences. See GBIF’s Darwin Core Type Vocabulary for definitions.
informationwithheld	String	Yes	Additional information that exists, but that has not been shared in the given record.
datageneralizations	String	Yes	Actions taken to make the shared data less specific or complete than in its original form. Suggests that alternative data of higher quality may be available on request.
dynamicproperties	String	Yes	A list of additional measurements, facts, characteristics, or assertions about the record. Meant to provide a mechanism for structured content.
occurrenceid	String	Yes	An identifier for the dwc:Occurrence (as opposed to a particular digital record of the dwc:Occurrence). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the dwc:occurrenceID globally unique.
catalognumber	String	Yes	An identifier (preferably unique) for the record within the data set or collection.
recordnumber	String	Yes	An identifier given to the dwc:Occurrence at the time it was recorded. Often serves as a link between field notes and a dwc:Occurrence record, such as a specimen collector’s number.
recordedby	String array	Yes	A person, group, or organization responsible for recording the original occurrence.
recordedbyid	String array	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of the globally unique identifier for the person, people, groups, or organizations responsible for recording the original dwc:Occurrence.
individualcount	Integer	Yes	The number of individuals present at the time of the Occurrence.
organismquantity	String	Yes	A number or enumeration value for the quantity of organisms.
organismquantitytype	String	Yes	The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms.
sex	String	Yes	The sex of the biological individual(s) represented in the Occurrence. For definitions, see the GBIF sex vocabulary
lifestage	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The age class or life stage of the Organism(s) at the time the Occurrence was recorded. Values are aligned to the GBIF LifeStage vocabulary
reproductivecondition	String	Yes	The reproductive condition of the biological individual(s) represented in the dwc:Occurrence.
caste	String	Yes	Categorisation of individuals for eusocial species (including some mammals and arthropods).
behavior	String	Yes	The behavior shown by the subject at the time the dwc:Occurrence was recorded.
vitality	String	Yes	An indication of whether a dwc:Organism was alive or dead at the time of collection or observation.
establishmentmeans	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	Statement about whether an organism or organisms have been introduced to a given place and time through the direct or indirect activity of modern humans. Values are aligned to the GBIF EstablishmentMeans vocabulary,which is derived from the Darwin Core EstablishmentMeans vocabulary.
degreeofestablishment	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The degree to which an Organism survives, reproduces, and expands its range at the given place and time. Values are aligned to the GBIF DegreeOfEstablishment vocabulary,which is derived from the Darwin Core DegreeOfEstablishment vocabulary.
pathway	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The process by which an Organism came to be in a given place at a given time. Values are aligned to the GBIF Pathway vocabulary,which is derived from the Darwin Core Pathway vocabulary.
georeferenceverificationstatus	String	Yes	A categorical description of the extent to which the georeference has been verified to represent the best possible spatial description for the dcterms:Location of the dwc:Occurrence.
occurrencestatus	String	Yes	A statement about the presence or absence of a Taxon at a Location. For definitions, see the GBIF occurrence status vocabulary.
preparations	String array	Yes	A preparation or preservation method for a specimen.
disposition	String	Yes	The current state of a dwc:MaterialEntity with respect to a collection.
associatedoccurrences	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers of other dwc:Occurrence records and their associations to this dwc:Occurrence.
associatedreferences	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, bibliographic reference, global unique identifier, URI) of literature associated with the dwc:Occurrence.
associatedsequences	String array	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, global unique identifier, URI) of genetic sequence information associated with the material entity.
associatedtaxa	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers or names of dwc:Taxon records and the associations of this dwc:Occurrence to each of them.
othercatalognumbers	String array	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of previous or alternate fully qualified catalogue numbers or other human-used identifiers for the same occurrence, whether in the current or any other data set or collection.
occurrenceremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dwc:Occurrence.
organismid	String	Yes	An identifier for the dwc:Organism instance (as opposed to a particular digital record of the dwc:Organism). May be a globally unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
organismname	String	Yes	A textual name or label assigned to a dwc:Organism instance.
organismscope	String	Yes	A description of the kind of dwc:Organism instance. Can be used to indicate whether the dwc:Organism instance represents a discrete organism or if it represents a particular type of aggregation.
associatedorganisms	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers of other dwc:Organisms and the associations of this dwc:Organism to each of them.
previousidentifications	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of previous assignments of names to the dwc:Organism.
organismremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dwc:Organism instance.
materialentityid	String	Yes	An identifier for a particular instance of a dwc:MaterialEntity.
materialentityremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dwc:MaterialEntity instance.
verbatimlabel	String	Yes	The content of this term should include no embellishments, prefixes, headers or other additions made to the text. Abbreviations must not be expanded and supposed misspellings must not be corrected. Lines or breakpoints between blocks of text that could be verified by seeing the original labels or images of them may be used. Examples of material entities include preserved specimens, fossil specimens, and material samples. Best practice is to use UTF-8 for all characters. Best practice is to add comment âverbatimLabel derived from human transcriptionâ in dwc:occurrenceRemarks.
materialsampleid	String	Yes	An identifier for the dwc:MaterialSample (as opposed to a particular digital record of the dwc:MaterialSample). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the dwc:materialSampleID globally unique.
eventid	String	Yes	An identifier for the set of information associated with a dwc:Event (something that occurs at a place and time). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
parenteventid	String	Yes	An identifier for the broader dwc:Event that groups this and potentially other dwc:Events.
eventtype	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The type for sampling event records.
fieldnumber	String	Yes	An identifier given to the dwc:Event in the field. Often serves as a link between field notes and the dwc:Event.
eventdate	String	Yes	The date-time or interval during which a dwc:Event occurred. For occurrences, this is the date-time when the dwc:Event was recorded. Not suitable for a time in a geological context.
eventtime	String	Yes	The time or interval during which a dwc:Event occurred.
startdayofyear	String	Yes	The latest integer day of the year on which the Event occurred (1 for 1 January, 365 for 31 December, except in a leap year, in which case it is 366).
enddayofyear	String	Yes	The earliest integer day of the year on which the Event occurred (1 for 1 January, 365 for 31 December, except in a leap year, in which case it is 366).
year	Integer	Yes	The four-digit year in which the event occurred, according to the Common Era calendar.
month	Integer	Yes	The integer month in which the Event occurred.
day	Integer	Yes	The integer day of the month on which the Event occurred.
verbatimeventdate	String	Yes	The verbatim original representation of the date and time information for a dwc:Event.
habitat	String	Yes	A category or description of the habitat in which the dwc:Event occurred.
samplingprotocol	String array	Yes	The methods or protocols used during an Event, denoted by an IRI.
samplesizevalue	String	Yes	A numeric value for a measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling event.
samplesizeunit	String	Yes	The unit of measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling event.
samplingeffort	String	Yes	The amount of effort expended during a dwc:Event.
fieldnotes	String	Yes	One of a) an indicator of the existence of, b) a reference to (publication, URI), or c) the text of notes taken in the field about the dwc:Event.
eventremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dwc:Event.
locationid	String	Yes	An identifier for the set of dcterms:Location information. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
highergeographyid	String	Yes	An identifier for the geographic region within which the dcterms:Location occurred.
highergeography	String array	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of geographic names less specific than the information captured in the dwc:locality term.
continent	String	Yes	The continent, based on a 7 continent model described on Wikipedia and the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). In particular this splits the Americas into North and South America with North America including the Caribbean (except Trinidad and Tobago) and reaching down and including Panama. See the GBIF Continents for the exact divisions. This is a geographical division. See `GBIFRegion` for GBIF’s political divisions.
waterbody	String	Yes	The name of the water body in which the Location occurs.
islandgroup	String	Yes	The name of the island group in which the dcterms:Location occurs.
island	String	Yes	The name of the island on or near which the dcterms:Location occurs.
countrycode	String	Yes	The 2-letter country code (as per ISO-3166-1) of the country, territory or area in which the occurrence was recorded.
stateprovince	String	Yes	The name of the next-smaller administrative region than country (state, province, canton, department, region, etc.) in which the occurrence occurs. This value is unaltered by GBIF’s processing; see also the GADM fields.
county	String	Yes	The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than stateProvince (county, shire, department, etc.) in which the dcterms:Location occurs.
municipality	String	Yes	The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than county (city, municipality, etc.) in which the dcterms:Location occurs. Do not use this term for a nearby named place that does not contain the actual dcterms:Location.
locality	String	Yes	The specific description of the place.
verbatimlocality	String	Yes	The original textual description of the place.
verbatimelevation	String	Yes	The original description of the elevation (altitude, usually above sea level) of the Location.
verticaldatum	String	Yes	The vertical datum used as the reference upon which the values in the elevation terms are based.
verbatimdepth	String	Yes	The original description of the depth below the local surface.
minimumdistanceabovesurfaceinmeters	String	Yes	The lesser distance in a range of distance from a reference surface in the vertical direction, in meters. Use positive values for locations above the surface, negative values for locations below. If depth measures are given, the reference surface is the location given by the depth, otherwise the reference surface is the location given by the elevation.
maximumdistanceabovesurfaceinmeters	String	Yes	The greater distance in a range of distance from a reference surface in the vertical direction, in meters. Use positive values for locations above the surface, negative values for locations below. If depth measures are given, the reference surface is the location given by the depth, otherwise the reference surface is the location given by the elevation.
locationaccordingto	String	Yes	Information about the source of this dcterms:Location information. Could be a publication (gazetteer), institution, or team of individuals.
locationremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dcterms:Location.
decimallatitude	Double	Yes	The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the WGS84 datum) of the geographic centre of the location of the occurrence.
decimallongitude	Double	Yes	The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the WGS84 datum) of the geographic centre of the location of the occurrence.
coordinateuncertaintyinmeters	Double	Yes	The horizontal distance (in metres) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location.
coordinateprecision	Double	Yes	A decimal representation of the precision of the coordinates given in the decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude.
pointradiusspatialfit	String	Yes	The ratio of the area of the point-radius (dwc:decimalLatitude, dwc:decimalLongitude, dwc:coordinateUncertaintyInMeters) to the area of the true (original, or most specific) spatial representation of the dcterms:Location. Legal values are 0, greater than or equal to 1, or undefined. A value of 1 is an exact match or 100% overlap. A value of 0 should be used if the given point-radius does not completely contain the original representation. The dwc:pointRadiusSpatialFit is undefined (and should be left empty) if the original representation is any geometry without area (e.g., a point or polyline) and without uncertainty and the given georeference is not that same geometry (without uncertainty). If both the original and the given georeference are the same point, the dwc:pointRadiusSpatialFit is 1.
verbatimcoordinatesystem	String	Yes	The coordinate format for the dwc:verbatimLatitude and dwc:verbatimLongitude or the dwc:verbatimCoordinates of the dcterms:Location.
verbatimsrs	String	Yes	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which coordinates given in dwc:verbatimLatitude and dwc:verbatimLongitude, or dwc:verbatimCoordinates are based.
footprintwkt	String	Yes	A Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the shape (footprint, geometry) that defines the dcterms:Location. A dcterms:Location may have both a point-radius representation (see dwc:decimalLatitude) and a footprint representation, and they may differ from each other.
footprintsrs	String	Yes	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geometry given in dwc:footprintWKT is based.
footprintspatialfit	String	Yes	The ratio of the area of the dwc:footprintWKT to the area of the true (original, or most specific) spatial representation of the dcterms:Location. Legal values are 0, greater than or equal to 1, or undefined. A value of 1 is an exact match or 100% overlap. A value of 0 should be used if the given dwc:footprintWKT does not completely contain the original representation. The dwc:footprintSpatialFit is undefined (and should be left empty) if the original representation is any geometry without area (e.g., a point or polyline) and without uncertainty and the given georeference is not that same geometry (without uncertainty). If both the original and the given georeference are the same point, the dwc:footprintSpatialFit is 1.
georeferencedby	String array	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the dcterms:Location.
georeferenceddate	String	Yes	The date on which the dcterms:Location was georeferenced.
georeferenceprotocol	String	Yes	A description or reference to the methods used to determine the spatial footprint, coordinates, and uncertainties.
georeferencesources	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers, or other resources used to georeference the dcterms:Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources.
georeferenceremarks	String	Yes	Notes or comments about the spatial description determination, explaining assumptions made in addition or opposition to the those formalized in the method referred to in dwc:georeferenceProtocol.
geologicalcontextid	String	Yes	An identifier for the set of information associated with a dwc:GeologicalContext (the location within a geological context, such as stratigraphy). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
earliesteonorlowesteonothem	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic eon or lowest chrono-stratigraphic eonothem or the informal name ("Precambrian") attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
latesteonorhighesteonothem	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic eon or highest chrono-stratigraphic eonothem or the informal name ("Precambrian") attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
earliesteraorlowesterathem	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic era or lowest chronostratigraphic erathem attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
latesteraorhighesterathem	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic era or highest chronostratigraphic erathem attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
earliestperiodorlowestsystem	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic period or lowest chronostratigraphic system attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
latestperiodorhighestsystem	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic period or highest chronostratigraphic system attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
earliestepochorlowestseries	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic epoch or lowest chronostratigraphic series attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
latestepochorhighestseries	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic epoch or highest chronostratigraphic series attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
earliestageorloweststage	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic age or lowest chronostratigraphic stage attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
latestageorhigheststage	Structure with string `.concept` and string array `.lineage`	Yes	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic age or highest chronostratigraphic stage attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
lowestbiostratigraphiczone	String	Yes	The full name of the lowest possible geological biostratigraphic zone of the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
highestbiostratigraphiczone	String	Yes	The full name of the highest possible geological biostratigraphic zone of the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
lithostratigraphicterms	String	Yes	The combination of all litho-stratigraphic names for the rock from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
group_	String	Yes	The full name of the lithostratigraphic group from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
formation	String	Yes	The full name of the lithostratigraphic formation from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
member	String	Yes	The full name of the lithostratigraphic member from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
bed	String	Yes	The full name of the lithostratigraphic bed from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
identificationid	String	Yes	An identifier for the dwc:Identification (the body of information associated with the assignment of a scientific name). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
verbatimidentification	String	Yes	A string representing the taxonomic identification as it appeared in the original record.
identificationqualifier	String	Yes	A brief phrase or a standard term ("cf.", "aff.") to express the determiner’s doubts about the dwc:Identification.
typestatus	String array	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of nomenclatural types (type status, typified scientific name, publication) applied to the occurrence.
identifiedby	String array	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who assigned the Taxon to the occurrence.
identifiedbyid	String array	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of the globally unique identifier for the person, people, groups, or organizations responsible for assigning the dwc:Taxon to the subject.
dateidentified	Timestamp	Yes	The date on which the subject was determined as representing the Taxon.
identificationreferences	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of references (publication, global unique identifier, URI) used in the dwc:Identification.
identificationverificationstatus	String	Yes	A categorical indicator of the extent to which the taxonomic identification has been verified to be correct.
identificationremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dwc:Identification.
taxonid	String	Yes	An identifier for the set of dwc:Taxon information. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
scientificnameid	String	Yes	An identifier for the nomenclatural (not taxonomic) details of a scientific name.
acceptednameusageid	String	Yes	An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) taxon.
parentnameusageid	String	Yes	An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) of the direct, most proximate higher-rank parent taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the dwc:scientificName.
originalnameusageid	String	Yes	An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) in which the terminal element of the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.
nameaccordingtoid	String	Yes	An identifier for the source in which the specific taxon concept circumscription is defined or implied. See dwc:nameAccordingTo.
namepublishedinid	String	Yes	An identifier for the publication in which the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.
taxonconceptid	String	Yes	An identifier for the taxonomic concept to which the record refers - not for the nomenclatural details of a dwc:Taxon.
scientificname	String	Yes	The scientific name (including authorship) for the taxon from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence. This could be a synonym, see also `acceptedScientificName`.
acceptednameusage	String	Yes	The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) dwc:Taxon.
parentnameusage	String	Yes	The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the direct, most proximate higher-rank parent dwc:Taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the dwc:scientificName.
originalnameusage	String	Yes	The taxon name, with authorship and date information if known, as it originally appeared when first established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode. The basionym (botany) or basonym (bacteriology) of the dwc:scientificName or the senior/earlier homonym for replaced names.
nameaccordingto	String	Yes	The reference to the source in which the specific taxon concept circumscription is defined or implied - traditionally signified by the Latin "sensu" or "sec." (from secundum, meaning "according to"). For taxa that result from identifications, a reference to the keys, monographs, experts and other sources should be given.
namepublishedin	String	Yes	A reference for the publication in which the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.
namepublishedinyear	String	Yes	The four-digit year in which the dwc:scientificName was published.
higherclassification	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of taxa names terminating at the rank immediately superior to the referenced dwc:Taxon.
kingdom	String	Yes	The kingdom name (excluding authorship) for the kingdom from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
phylum	String	Yes	The phylum name (excluding authorship) for the phylum from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
class	String	Yes	The class name (excluding authorship) for the class from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
order_	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the order in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
superfamily	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the superfamily in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
family	String	Yes	The family name (excluding authorship) for the family from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
subfamily	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the subfamily in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
tribe	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the tribe in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
subtribe	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the subtribe in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
genus	String	Yes	The genus name (excluding authorship) for the genus from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
genericname	String	Yes	The genus name part of the species name from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
subgenus	String	Yes	The subgenus name (excluding authorship) for the subgenus from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
infragenericepithet	String	Yes	The infrageneric part of a binomial name at ranks above species but below genus.
specificepithet	String	Yes	The specific name part of the species name from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
infraspecificepithet	String	Yes	The infraspecific name part of the species name from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
cultivarepithet	String	Yes	Part of the name of a cultivar, cultivar group or grex that follows the dwc:scientificName.
taxonrank	String	Yes	The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName.
verbatimtaxonrank	String	Yes	The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the dwc:scientificName as it appears in the original record.
vernacularname	String	Yes	A common or vernacular name.
nomenclaturalcode	String	Yes	The nomenclatural code (or codes in the case of an ambiregnal name) under which the dwc:scientificName is constructed.
taxonomicstatus	String	Yes	The status of the use of the scientificName as a label for a taxon.
nomenclaturalstatus	String	Yes	The status related to the original publication of the name and its conformance to the relevant rules of nomenclature. It is based essentially on an algorithm according to the business rules of the code. It requires no taxonomic opinion.
taxonremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the taxon or name.
datasetkey	String	No	The UUID of the GBIF dataset containing this occurrence.
publishingcountry	String	Yes	The country, territory or island based on ISO-3166 of the organization publishing the dataset containing this occurrence.
lastinterpreted	Timestamp	Yes	The time this occurrence was last processed by GBIF’s interpretation system “Pipelines”. This is the time the record was last changed in GBIF, not the time the record was last changed by the publisher. Data is also reprocessed when we changed the taxonomic backbone, geographic data sources or other interpretation procedures. An earlier interpretation system distinguished between “parsing” and “interpretation”, but in the current system there is only one process — the two dates will always be the same.
elevation	Double	Yes	Elevation (altitude) in metres above sea level. This is not a current Darwin Core term.
elevationaccuracy	Double	Yes	The value of the potential error associated with the elevation. This is not a current Darwin Core term.
depth	Double	Yes	Depth in metres below sea level. This is not a current Darwin Core term.
depthaccuracy	Double	Yes	The value of the potential error associated with the depth. This is not a current Darwin Core term.
distancefromcentroidinmeters	Double	Yes	The distance in metres of the occurrence from a centroid known to be applied to occurrences during georeferencing. This can potentially indicate low-precision georeferencing, check the values of `coordinateUncertaintyInMeters` and `georeferenceRemarks`.
issue	String array	Yes	A specific interpretation issue found during processing and interpretation of the record. See the list of occurrence issues and the OccurrenceIssue enumeration for possible values and definitions.
mediatype	String array	Yes	The media type given as Dublin Core type values, in particular StillImage, MovingImage or Sound.
hascoordinate	Boolean	Yes	Boolean indicating that a valid latitude and longitude exists.
hasgeospatialissues	Boolean	Yes	Boolean indicating that some spatial validation rule has not passed.
taxonkey	Integer	Yes	A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the most specific (lowest rank) taxon for this occurrence. This could be a synonym, see `acceptedTaxonKey`.
acceptedtaxonkey	Integer	Yes	A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the accepted taxon of this occurrence.
kingdomkey	Integer	Yes	A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the kingdom of thisoccurrence.
phylumkey	Integer	Yes	A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the phylum of thisoccurrence.
classkey	Integer	Yes	A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the class of thisoccurrence.
orderkey	Integer	Yes	A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the order of thisoccurrence.
familykey	Integer	Yes	A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the family of thisoccurrence.
genuskey	Integer	Yes	A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the genus of thisoccurrence.
subgenuskey	Integer	Yes	A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the subgenus of thisoccurrence.
specieskey	Integer	Yes	A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the species of thisoccurrence.
species	String	Yes	The species name (excluding authorship) for the species from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
acceptedscientificname	String	Yes	The accepted scientific name (including authorship) for the taxon from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.
typifiedname	String	Yes	The scientific name that is based on the type specimen. This is not yet a Darwin Core term, see the proposal to add it.
protocol	String	Yes	The technical protocol by which this occurrence was retrieved from the publisher’s systems.
lastparsed	Timestamp	Yes	The time this occurrence was last processed by GBIF’s interpretation system “Pipelines”. This is the time the record was last changed in GBIF, not the time the record was last changed by the publisher. Data is also reprocessed when we changed the taxonomic backbone, geographic data sources or other interpretation procedures. An earlier interpretation system distinguished between “parsing” and “interpretation”, but in the current system there is only one process — the two dates will always be the same.
lastcrawled	Timestamp	Yes	The time this occurrence was last retrieved from the publisher’s systems.
repatriated	String	Yes	Boolean indicating if the publishing country is different to the location country.
relativeorganismquantity	String	Yes	The relative measurement of the quantity of the organism (i.e. without absolute units).
projectid	String array	Yes	Identifiers for projects related to this occurrence.
issequenced	String	Yes	Flag occurrence when associatedSequences/extension exists
gbifregion	String	Yes	An enumeration for all GBIF Regions. These are based on IPBES regions. This is a political division, part of GBIF’s governance structure.
publishedbygbifregion	String	Yes	An enumeration for all GBIF Regions. These are based on IPBES regions. This is a political division, part of GBIF’s governance structure.
level0gid	String	Yes	The identifier for the top-level division from the GADM database. This is usually a three-letter code from ISO 3166.
level0name	String	Yes	The English name for the top-level division from the GADM database.
level1gid	String	Yes	The identifier for the first-level division from the GADM database.
level1name	String	Yes	The English name for the first-level division from the GADM database.
level2gid	String	Yes	The identifier for the second-level division from the GADM database.
level2name	String	Yes	The English name for the second-level division from the GADM database.
level3gid	String	Yes	The identifier for the third-level division from the GADM database.
level3name	String	Yes	The English name for the third-level division from the GADM database.
iucnredlistcategory	String	Yes	The IUCN Red List Category of the taxon of this occurrence. See the GBIF vocabulary for the values and their definitions, and the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species dataset in GBIF for the version of the Red List GBIF’s interpretation procedures are using.
publishingorgkey	String	Yes	The UUID of the organization which publishes the dataset containing this occurrence.
installationkey	String	Yes	The UUID of the technical installation hosted the dataset containing this occurrence.
institutionkey	String	Yes	Experimental. The UUID of the institution holding the specimen occurrence, from GRSciColl.
collectionkey	String	Yes	Experimental. The UUID of the collection containing the specimen occurrence, from GRSciColl.
programmeacronym	String	Yes	The identifier for a programme which funded the digitization of this occurrence.
hostingorganizationkey	String	Yes	The UUID of the publishing organization which operates the technical installation hosting the dataset containing this occurrence.
isincluster	String	Yes	Experimental. Whether the occurrence belongs to a machine-calculated cluster of probable duplicate occurrences.
dwcaextension	String array	Yes	The list of Darwin Core extensions present on the occurrence record.
eventdategte	Timestamp	Yes	Experimental The lower bound for the eventDate term as a timestamp, `2000-01-01T00:00:00` for an event date of `2000`.
eventdatelte	Timestamp	Yes	Experimental The upper bound for the eventDate term as a timestamp, `2000-12-31T23:59:59` for an event date of `2000`.
v_accessrights	String	Yes	Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status.
v_bibliographiccitation	String	Yes	A bibliographic reference for the resource.
v_language	String	Yes	A language of the resource.
v_license	String	Yes	A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
v_modified	String	Yes	The most recent date-time on which the resource was changed.
v_publisher	String	Yes	An entity responsible for making the image available.
v_references	String	Yes	A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.
v_rightsholder	String	Yes	A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
v_type	String	Yes	The nature or genre of the resource.
v_institutionid	String	Yes	An identifier for the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.
v_collectionid	String	Yes	An identifier for the collection or dataset from which the record was derived.
v_datasetid	String	Yes	An identifier for the set of data. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to a collection or institution.
v_institutioncode	String	Yes	The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.
v_collectioncode	String	Yes	The name, acronym, coden, or initialism identifying the collection or data set from which the record was derived.
v_datasetname	String	Yes	The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived.
v_ownerinstitutioncode	String	Yes	The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having ownership of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.
v_basisofrecord	String	Yes	The specific nature of the data record.
v_informationwithheld	String	Yes	Additional information that exists, but that has not been shared in the given record.
v_datageneralizations	String	Yes	Actions taken to make the shared data less specific or complete than in its original form. Suggests that alternative data of higher quality may be available on request.
v_dynamicproperties	String	Yes	A list of additional measurements, facts, characteristics, or assertions about the record. Meant to provide a mechanism for structured content.
v_occurrenceid	String	Yes	An identifier for the dwc:Occurrence (as opposed to a particular digital record of the dwc:Occurrence). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the dwc:occurrenceID globally unique.
v_catalognumber	String	Yes	An identifier (preferably unique) for the record within the data set or collection.
v_recordnumber	String	Yes	An identifier given to the dwc:Occurrence at the time it was recorded. Often serves as a link between field notes and a dwc:Occurrence record, such as a specimen collector’s number.
v_recordedby	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations responsible for recording the original dwc:Occurrence. The primary collector or observer, especially one who applies a personal identifier (dwc:recordNumber), should be listed first.
v_recordedbyid	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of the globally unique identifier for the person, people, groups, or organizations responsible for recording the original dwc:Occurrence.
v_individualcount	String	Yes	The number of individuals present at the time of the dwc:Occurrence.
v_organismquantity	String	Yes	A number or enumeration value for the quantity of dwc:Organisms.
v_organismquantitytype	String	Yes	The type of quantification system used for the quantity of dwc:Organisms.
v_sex	String	Yes	The sex of the biological individual(s) represented in the dwc:Occurrence.
v_lifestage	String	Yes	The age class or life stage of the dwc:Organism(s) at the time the dwc:Occurrence was recorded.
v_reproductivecondition	String	Yes	The reproductive condition of the biological individual(s) represented in the dwc:Occurrence.
v_caste	String	Yes	Categorisation of individuals for eusocial species (including some mammals and arthropods).
v_behavior	String	Yes	The behavior shown by the subject at the time the dwc:Occurrence was recorded.
v_vitality	String	Yes	An indication of whether a dwc:Organism was alive or dead at the time of collection or observation.
v_establishmentmeans	String	Yes	Statement about whether a dwc:Organism has been introduced to a given place and time through the direct or indirect activity of modern humans.
v_degreeofestablishment	String	Yes	The degree to which a dwc:Organism survives, reproduces, and expands its range at the given place and time.
v_pathway	String	Yes	The process by which a dwc:Organism came to be in a given place at a given time.
v_georeferenceverificationstatus	String	Yes	A categorical description of the extent to which the georeference has been verified to represent the best possible spatial description for the dcterms:Location of the dwc:Occurrence.
v_occurrencestatus	String	Yes	A statement about the presence or absence of a dwc:Taxon at a dcterms:Location.
v_preparations	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of preparations and preservation methods for a dwc:MaterialEntity.
v_disposition	String	Yes	The current state of a dwc:MaterialEntity with respect to a collection.
v_associatedmedia	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, global unique identifier, URI) of media associated with the dwc:Occurrence.
v_associatedoccurrences	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers of other dwc:Occurrence records and their associations to this dwc:Occurrence.
v_associatedreferences	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, bibliographic reference, global unique identifier, URI) of literature associated with the dwc:Occurrence.
v_associatedsequences	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, global unique identifier, URI) of genetic sequence information associated with the dwc:MaterialEntity.
v_associatedtaxa	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers or names of dwc:Taxon records and the associations of this dwc:Occurrence to each of them.
v_othercatalognumbers	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of previous or alternate fully qualified catalog numbers or other human-used identifiers for the same dwc:Occurrence, whether in the current or any other data set or collection.
v_occurrenceremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dwc:Occurrence.
v_organismid	String	Yes	An identifier for the dwc:Organism instance (as opposed to a particular digital record of the dwc:Organism). May be a globally unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
v_organismname	String	Yes	A textual name or label assigned to a dwc:Organism instance.
v_organismscope	String	Yes	A description of the kind of dwc:Organism instance. Can be used to indicate whether the dwc:Organism instance represents a discrete organism or if it represents a particular type of aggregation.
v_associatedorganisms	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers of other dwc:Organisms and the associations of this dwc:Organism to each of them.
v_previousidentifications	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of previous assignments of names to the dwc:Organism.
v_organismremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dwc:Organism instance.
v_materialentityid	String	Yes	An identifier for a particular instance of a dwc:MaterialEntity.
v_materialentityremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dwc:MaterialEntity instance.
v_verbatimlabel	String	Yes	The content of this term should include no embellishments, prefixes, headers or other additions made to the text. Abbreviations must not be expanded and supposed misspellings must not be corrected. Lines or breakpoints between blocks of text that could be verified by seeing the original labels or images of them may be used. Examples of material entities include preserved specimens, fossil specimens, and material samples. Best practice is to use UTF-8 for all characters. Best practice is to add comment âverbatimLabel derived from human transcriptionâ in dwc:occurrenceRemarks.
v_materialsampleid	String	Yes	An identifier for the dwc:MaterialSample (as opposed to a particular digital record of the dwc:MaterialSample). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the dwc:materialSampleID globally unique.
v_eventid	String	Yes	An identifier for the set of information associated with a dwc:Event (something that occurs at a place and time). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
v_parenteventid	String	Yes	An identifier for the broader dwc:Event that groups this and potentially other dwc:Events.
v_eventtype	String	Yes	The nature of the dwc:Event.
v_fieldnumber	String	Yes	An identifier given to the dwc:Event in the field. Often serves as a link between field notes and the dwc:Event.
v_eventdate	String	Yes	The date-time or interval during which a dwc:Event occurred. For occurrences, this is the date-time when the dwc:Event was recorded. Not suitable for a time in a geological context.
v_eventtime	String	Yes	The time or interval during which a dwc:Event occurred.
v_startdayofyear	String	Yes	The earliest integer day of the year on which the dwc:Event occurred (1 for January 1, 365 for December 31, except in a leap year, in which case it is 366).
v_enddayofyear	String	Yes	The latest integer day of the year on which the dwc:Event occurred (1 for January 1, 365 for December 31, except in a leap year, in which case it is 366).
v_year	String	Yes	The four-digit year in which the dwc:Event occurred, according to the Common Era Calendar.
v_month	String	Yes	The integer month in which the dwc:Event occurred.
v_day	String	Yes	The integer day of the month on which the dwc:Event occurred.
v_verbatimeventdate	String	Yes	The verbatim original representation of the date and time information for a dwc:Event.
v_habitat	String	Yes	A category or description of the habitat in which the dwc:Event occurred.
v_samplingprotocol	String	Yes	The names of, references to, or descriptions of the methods or protocols used during a dwc:Event.
v_samplesizevalue	String	Yes	A numeric value for a measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling dwc:Event.
v_samplesizeunit	String	Yes	The unit of measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling dwc:Event.
v_samplingeffort	String	Yes	The amount of effort expended during a dwc:Event.
v_fieldnotes	String	Yes	One of a) an indicator of the existence of, b) a reference to (publication, URI), or c) the text of notes taken in the field about the dwc:Event.
v_eventremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dwc:Event.
v_locationid	String	Yes	An identifier for the set of dcterms:Location information. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
v_highergeographyid	String	Yes	An identifier for the geographic region within which the dcterms:Location occurred.
v_highergeography	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of geographic names less specific than the information captured in the dwc:locality term.
v_continent	String	Yes	The name of the continent in which the dcterms:Location occurs.
v_waterbody	String	Yes	The name of the water body in which the dcterms:Location occurs.
v_islandgroup	String	Yes	The name of the island group in which the dcterms:Location occurs.
v_island	String	Yes	The name of the island on or near which the dcterms:Location occurs.
v_country	String	Yes	The name of the country or major administrative unit in which the dcterms:Location occurs.
v_countrycode	String	Yes	The standard code for the country in which the dcterms:Location occurs.
v_stateprovince	String	Yes	The name of the next smaller administrative region than country (state, province, canton, department, region, etc.) in which the dcterms:Location occurs.
v_county	String	Yes	The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than stateProvince (county, shire, department, etc.) in which the dcterms:Location occurs.
v_municipality	String	Yes	The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than county (city, municipality, etc.) in which the dcterms:Location occurs. Do not use this term for a nearby named place that does not contain the actual dcterms:Location.
v_locality	String	Yes	The specific description of the place.
v_verbatimlocality	String	Yes	The original textual description of the place.
v_minimumelevationinmeters	String	Yes	The lower limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in meters.
v_maximumelevationinmeters	String	Yes	The upper limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in meters.
v_verbatimelevation	String	Yes	The original description of the elevation (altitude, usually above sea level) of the Location.
v_verticaldatum	String	Yes	The vertical datum used as the reference upon which the values in the elevation terms are based.
v_minimumdepthinmeters	String	Yes	The lesser depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in meters.
v_maximumdepthinmeters	String	Yes	The greater depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in meters.
v_verbatimdepth	String	Yes	The original description of the depth below the local surface.
v_minimumdistanceabovesurfaceinmeters	String	Yes	The lesser distance in a range of distance from a reference surface in the vertical direction, in meters. Use positive values for locations above the surface, negative values for locations below. If depth measures are given, the reference surface is the location given by the depth, otherwise the reference surface is the location given by the elevation.
v_maximumdistanceabovesurfaceinmeters	String	Yes	The greater distance in a range of distance from a reference surface in the vertical direction, in meters. Use positive values for locations above the surface, negative values for locations below. If depth measures are given, the reference surface is the location given by the depth, otherwise the reference surface is the location given by the elevation.
v_locationaccordingto	String	Yes	Information about the source of this dcterms:Location information. Could be a publication (gazetteer), institution, or team of individuals.
v_locationremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dcterms:Location.
v_decimallatitude	String	Yes	The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in dwc:geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a dcterms:Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive.
v_decimallongitude	String	Yes	The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in dwc:geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a dcterms:Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive.
v_geodeticdatum	String	Yes	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in dwc:decimalLatitude and dwc:decimalLongitude are based.
v_coordinateuncertaintyinmeters	String	Yes	The horizontal distance (in meters) from the given dwc:decimalLatitude and dwc:decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the dcterms:Location. Leave the value empty if the uncertainty is unknown, cannot be estimated, or is not applicable (because there are no coordinates). Zero is not a valid value for this term.
v_coordinateprecision	String	Yes	A decimal representation of the precision of the coordinates given in the dwc:decimalLatitude and dwc:decimalLongitude.
v_pointradiusspatialfit	String	Yes	The ratio of the area of the point-radius (dwc:decimalLatitude, dwc:decimalLongitude, dwc:coordinateUncertaintyInMeters) to the area of the true (original, or most specific) spatial representation of the dcterms:Location. Legal values are 0, greater than or equal to 1, or undefined. A value of 1 is an exact match or 100% overlap. A value of 0 should be used if the given point-radius does not completely contain the original representation. The dwc:pointRadiusSpatialFit is undefined (and should be left empty) if the original representation is any geometry without area (e.g., a point or polyline) and without uncertainty and the given georeference is not that same geometry (without uncertainty). If both the original and the given georeference are the same point, the dwc:pointRadiusSpatialFit is 1.
v_verbatimcoordinates	String	Yes	The verbatim original spatial coordinates of the dcterms:Location. The coordinate ellipsoid, geodeticDatum, or full Spatial Reference System (SRS) for these coordinates should be stored in dwc:verbatimSRS and the coordinate system should be stored in dwc:verbatimCoordinateSystem.
v_verbatimlatitude	String	Yes	The verbatim original latitude of the dcterms:Location. The coordinate ellipsoid, geodeticDatum, or full Spatial Reference System (SRS) for these coordinates should be stored in dwc:verbatimSRS and the coordinate system should be stored in dwc:verbatimCoordinateSystem.
v_verbatimlongitude	String	Yes	The verbatim original longitude of the dcterms:Location. The coordinate ellipsoid, geodeticDatum, or full Spatial Reference System (SRS) for these coordinates should be stored in dwc:verbatimSRS and the coordinate system should be stored in dwc:verbatimCoordinateSystem.
v_verbatimcoordinatesystem	String	Yes	The coordinate format for the dwc:verbatimLatitude and dwc:verbatimLongitude or the dwc:verbatimCoordinates of the dcterms:Location.
v_verbatimsrs	String	Yes	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which coordinates given in dwc:verbatimLatitude and dwc:verbatimLongitude, or dwc:verbatimCoordinates are based.
v_footprintwkt	String	Yes	A Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the shape (footprint, geometry) that defines the dcterms:Location. A dcterms:Location may have both a point-radius representation (see dwc:decimalLatitude) and a footprint representation, and they may differ from each other.
v_footprintsrs	String	Yes	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geometry given in dwc:footprintWKT is based.
v_footprintspatialfit	String	Yes	The ratio of the area of the dwc:footprintWKT to the area of the true (original, or most specific) spatial representation of the dcterms:Location. Legal values are 0, greater than or equal to 1, or undefined. A value of 1 is an exact match or 100% overlap. A value of 0 should be used if the given dwc:footprintWKT does not completely contain the original representation. The dwc:footprintSpatialFit is undefined (and should be left empty) if the original representation is any geometry without area (e.g., a point or polyline) and without uncertainty and the given georeference is not that same geometry (without uncertainty). If both the original and the given georeference are the same point, the dwc:footprintSpatialFit is 1.
v_georeferencedby	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the dcterms:Location.
v_georeferenceddate	String	Yes	The date on which the dcterms:Location was georeferenced.
v_georeferenceprotocol	String	Yes	A description or reference to the methods used to determine the spatial footprint, coordinates, and uncertainties.
v_georeferencesources	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers, or other resources used to georeference the dcterms:Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources.
v_georeferenceremarks	String	Yes	Notes or comments about the spatial description determination, explaining assumptions made in addition or opposition to the those formalized in the method referred to in dwc:georeferenceProtocol.
v_geologicalcontextid	String	Yes	An identifier for the set of information associated with a dwc:GeologicalContext (the location within a geological context, such as stratigraphy). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
v_earliesteonorlowesteonothem	String	Yes	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic eon or lowest chrono-stratigraphic eonothem or the informal name ("Precambrian") attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_latesteonorhighesteonothem	String	Yes	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic eon or highest chrono-stratigraphic eonothem or the informal name ("Precambrian") attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_earliesteraorlowesterathem	String	Yes	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic era or lowest chronostratigraphic erathem attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_latesteraorhighesterathem	String	Yes	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic era or highest chronostratigraphic erathem attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_earliestperiodorlowestsystem	String	Yes	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic period or lowest chronostratigraphic system attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_latestperiodorhighestsystem	String	Yes	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic period or highest chronostratigraphic system attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_earliestepochorlowestseries	String	Yes	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic epoch or lowest chronostratigraphic series attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_latestepochorhighestseries	String	Yes	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic epoch or highest chronostratigraphic series attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_earliestageorloweststage	String	Yes	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic age or lowest chronostratigraphic stage attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_latestageorhigheststage	String	Yes	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic age or highest chronostratigraphic stage attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_lowestbiostratigraphiczone	String	Yes	The full name of the lowest possible geological biostratigraphic zone of the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_highestbiostratigraphiczone	String	Yes	The full name of the highest possible geological biostratigraphic zone of the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_lithostratigraphicterms	String	Yes	The combination of all litho-stratigraphic names for the rock from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_group	String	Yes	The full name of the lithostratigraphic group from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_formation	String	Yes	The full name of the lithostratigraphic formation from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_member	String	Yes	The full name of the lithostratigraphic member from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_bed	String	Yes	The full name of the lithostratigraphic bed from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.
v_identificationid	String	Yes	An identifier for the dwc:Identification (the body of information associated with the assignment of a scientific name). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
v_verbatimidentification	String	Yes	A string representing the taxonomic identification as it appeared in the original record.
v_identificationqualifier	String	Yes	A brief phrase or a standard term ("cf.", "aff.") to express the determiner’s doubts about the dwc:Identification.
v_typestatus	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of nomenclatural types (type status, typified scientific name, publication) applied to the subject.
v_identifiedby	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who assigned the dwc:Taxon to the subject.
v_identifiedbyid	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of the globally unique identifier for the person, people, groups, or organizations responsible for assigning the dwc:Taxon to the subject.
v_dateidentified	String	Yes	The date on which the subject was determined as representing the dwc:Taxon.
v_identificationreferences	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of references (publication, global unique identifier, URI) used in the dwc:Identification.
v_identificationverificationstatus	String	Yes	A categorical indicator of the extent to which the taxonomic identification has been verified to be correct.
v_identificationremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the dwc:Identification.
v_taxonid	String	Yes	An identifier for the set of dwc:Taxon information. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
v_scientificnameid	String	Yes	An identifier for the nomenclatural (not taxonomic) details of a scientific name.
v_acceptednameusageid	String	Yes	An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) taxon.
v_parentnameusageid	String	Yes	An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) of the direct, most proximate higher-rank parent taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the dwc:scientificName.
v_originalnameusageid	String	Yes	An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) in which the terminal element of the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.
v_nameaccordingtoid	String	Yes	An identifier for the source in which the specific taxon concept circumscription is defined or implied. See dwc:nameAccordingTo.
v_namepublishedinid	String	Yes	An identifier for the publication in which the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.
v_taxonconceptid	String	Yes	An identifier for the taxonomic concept to which the record refers - not for the nomenclatural details of a dwc:Taxon.
v_scientificname	String	Yes	The full scientific name, with authorship and date information if known. When forming part of a dwc:Identification, this should be the name in lowest level taxonomic rank that can be determined. This term should not contain identification qualifications, which should instead be supplied in the dwc:identificationQualifier term.
v_acceptednameusage	String	Yes	The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) dwc:Taxon.
v_parentnameusage	String	Yes	The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the direct, most proximate higher-rank parent dwc:Taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the dwc:scientificName.
v_originalnameusage	String	Yes	The taxon name, with authorship and date information if known, as it originally appeared when first established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode. The basionym (botany) or basonym (bacteriology) of the dwc:scientificName or the senior/earlier homonym for replaced names.
v_nameaccordingto	String	Yes	The reference to the source in which the specific taxon concept circumscription is defined or implied - traditionally signified by the Latin "sensu" or "sec." (from secundum, meaning "according to"). For taxa that result from identifications, a reference to the keys, monographs, experts and other sources should be given.
v_namepublishedin	String	Yes	A reference for the publication in which the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.
v_namepublishedinyear	String	Yes	The four-digit year in which the dwc:scientificName was published.
v_higherclassification	String	Yes	A list (concatenated and separated) of taxa names terminating at the rank immediately superior to the referenced dwc:Taxon.
v_kingdom	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
v_phylum	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
v_class	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the class in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
v_order	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the order in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
v_superfamily	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the superfamily in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
v_family	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the family in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
v_subfamily	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the subfamily in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
v_tribe	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the tribe in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
v_subtribe	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the subtribe in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
v_genus	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the genus in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.
v_genericname	String	Yes	The genus part of the dwc:scientificName without authorship.
v_subgenus	String	Yes	The full scientific name of the subgenus in which the dwc:Taxon is classified. Values should include the genus to avoid homonym confusion.
v_infragenericepithet	String	Yes	The infrageneric part of a binomial name at ranks above species but below genus.
v_specificepithet	String	Yes	The name of the first or species epithet of the dwc:scientificName.
v_infraspecificepithet	String	Yes	The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the dwc:scientificName, excluding any rank designation.
v_cultivarepithet	String	Yes	Part of the name of a cultivar, cultivar group or grex that follows the dwc:scientificName.
v_taxonrank	String	Yes	The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the dwc:scientificName.
v_verbatimtaxonrank	String	Yes	The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the dwc:scientificName as it appears in the original record.
v_scientificnameauthorship	String	Yes	The authorship information for the dwc:scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable dwc:nomenclaturalCode.
v_vernacularname	String	Yes	A common or vernacular name.
v_nomenclaturalcode	String	Yes	The nomenclatural code (or codes in the case of an ambiregnal name) under which the dwc:scientificName is constructed.
v_taxonomicstatus	String	Yes	The status of the use of the dwc:scientificName as a label for a taxon. Requires taxonomic opinion to define the scope of a dwc:Taxon. Rules of priority then are used to define the taxonomic status of the nomenclature contained in that scope, combined with the experts opinion. It must be linked to a specific taxonomic reference that defines the concept.
v_nomenclaturalstatus	String	Yes	The status related to the original publication of the name and its conformance to the relevant rules of nomenclature. It is based essentially on an algorithm according to the business rules of the code. It requires no taxonomic opinion.
v_taxonremarks	String	Yes	Comments or notes about the taxon or name.

gbifid

String

Unique GBIF key for the occurrence.

We aim to keep these keys stable, but this is not possible in every case.

accessrights

String

Yes

Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status.

bibliographiccitation

String

Yes

A bibliographic reference for the resource.

language

String

Yes

A language of the resource.

license

String

Yes

A legal document giving official permission to do something with the occurrence.

modified

Timestamp

Yes

The most recent date-time on which the occurrence was changed, according to the publisher.

publisher

String

Yes

The name of the organization publishing this record

references

String

Yes

A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.

rightsholder

String

Yes

A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.

type

String

Yes

The nature or genre of the resource.

institutionid

String

Yes

An identifier for the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.

collectionid

String

Yes

An identifier for the collection or dataset from which the record was derived.

datasetid

String array

Yes

An identifier for the set of data. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to a collection or institution.

institutioncode

String

Yes

The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.

collectioncode

String

Yes

The name, acronym, coden, or initialism identifying the collection or data set from which the record was derived.

datasetname

String array

Yes

The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived.

ownerinstitutioncode

String

Yes

The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having ownership of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.

basisofrecord

String

Yes

The values of the Darwin Core term Basis of Record which can apply to occurrences.

See GBIF’s Darwin Core Type Vocabulary for definitions.

informationwithheld

String

Yes

Additional information that exists, but that has not been shared in the given record.

datageneralizations

String

Yes

Actions taken to make the shared data less specific or complete than in its original form. Suggests that alternative data of higher quality may be available on request.

dynamicproperties

String

Yes

A list of additional measurements, facts, characteristics, or assertions about the record. Meant to provide a mechanism for structured content.

occurrenceid

String

Yes

An identifier for the dwc:Occurrence (as opposed to a particular digital record of the dwc:Occurrence). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the dwc:occurrenceID globally unique.

catalognumber

String

Yes

An identifier (preferably unique) for the record within the data set or collection.

recordnumber

String

Yes

An identifier given to the dwc:Occurrence at the time it was recorded. Often serves as a link between field notes and a dwc:Occurrence record, such as a specimen collector’s number.

recordedby

String array

Yes

A person, group, or organization responsible for recording the original occurrence.

recordedbyid

String array

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of the globally unique identifier for the person, people, groups, or organizations responsible for recording the original dwc:Occurrence.

individualcount

Integer

Yes

The number of individuals present at the time of the Occurrence.

organismquantity

String

Yes

A number or enumeration value for the quantity of organisms.

organismquantitytype

String

Yes

The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms.

sex

String

Yes

The sex of the biological individual(s) represented in the Occurrence.

For definitions, see the GBIF sex vocabulary

lifestage

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The age class or life stage of the Organism(s) at the time the Occurrence was recorded.

Values are aligned to the GBIF LifeStage vocabulary

reproductivecondition

String

Yes

The reproductive condition of the biological individual(s) represented in the dwc:Occurrence.

caste

String

Yes

Categorisation of individuals for eusocial species (including some mammals and arthropods).

behavior

String

Yes

The behavior shown by the subject at the time the dwc:Occurrence was recorded.

vitality

String

Yes

An indication of whether a dwc:Organism was alive or dead at the time of collection or observation.

establishmentmeans

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

Statement about whether an organism or organisms have been introduced to a given place and time through the direct or indirect activity of modern humans.

Values are aligned to the GBIF EstablishmentMeans vocabulary,which is derived from the Darwin Core EstablishmentMeans vocabulary.

degreeofestablishment

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The degree to which an Organism survives, reproduces, and expands its range at the given place and time.

Values are aligned to the GBIF DegreeOfEstablishment vocabulary,which is derived from the Darwin Core DegreeOfEstablishment vocabulary.

pathway

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The process by which an Organism came to be in a given place at a given time.

Values are aligned to the GBIF Pathway vocabulary,which is derived from the Darwin Core Pathway vocabulary.

georeferenceverificationstatus

String

Yes

A categorical description of the extent to which the georeference has been verified to represent the best possible spatial description for the dcterms:Location of the dwc:Occurrence.

occurrencestatus

String

Yes

A statement about the presence or absence of a Taxon at a Location.

For definitions, see the GBIF occurrence status vocabulary.

preparations

String array

Yes

A preparation or preservation method for a specimen.

disposition

String

Yes

The current state of a dwc:MaterialEntity with respect to a collection.

associatedoccurrences

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers of other dwc:Occurrence records and their associations to this dwc:Occurrence.

associatedreferences

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, bibliographic reference, global unique identifier, URI) of literature associated with the dwc:Occurrence.

associatedsequences

String array

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, global unique identifier, URI) of genetic sequence information associated with the material entity.

associatedtaxa

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers or names of dwc:Taxon records and the associations of this dwc:Occurrence to each of them.

othercatalognumbers

String array

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of previous or alternate fully qualified catalogue numbers or other human-used identifiers for the same occurrence, whether in the current or any other data set or collection.

occurrenceremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dwc:Occurrence.

organismid

String

Yes

An identifier for the dwc:Organism instance (as opposed to a particular digital record of the dwc:Organism). May be a globally unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

organismname

String

Yes

A textual name or label assigned to a dwc:Organism instance.

organismscope

String

Yes

A description of the kind of dwc:Organism instance. Can be used to indicate whether the dwc:Organism instance represents a discrete organism or if it represents a particular type of aggregation.

associatedorganisms

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers of other dwc:Organisms and the associations of this dwc:Organism to each of them.

previousidentifications

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of previous assignments of names to the dwc:Organism.

organismremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dwc:Organism instance.

materialentityid

String

Yes

An identifier for a particular instance of a dwc:MaterialEntity.

materialentityremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dwc:MaterialEntity instance.

verbatimlabel

String

Yes

The content of this term should include no embellishments, prefixes, headers or other additions made to the text. Abbreviations must not be expanded and supposed misspellings must not be corrected. Lines or breakpoints between blocks of text that could be verified by seeing the original labels or images of them may be used. Examples of material entities include preserved specimens, fossil specimens, and material samples. Best practice is to use UTF-8 for all characters. Best practice is to add comment âverbatimLabel derived from human transcriptionâ in dwc:occurrenceRemarks.

materialsampleid

String

Yes

An identifier for the dwc:MaterialSample (as opposed to a particular digital record of the dwc:MaterialSample). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the dwc:materialSampleID globally unique.

eventid

String

Yes

An identifier for the set of information associated with a dwc:Event (something that occurs at a place and time). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

parenteventid

String

Yes

An identifier for the broader dwc:Event that groups this and potentially other dwc:Events.

eventtype

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The type for sampling event records.

fieldnumber

String

Yes

An identifier given to the dwc:Event in the field. Often serves as a link between field notes and the dwc:Event.

eventdate

String

Yes

The date-time or interval during which a dwc:Event occurred. For occurrences, this is the date-time when the dwc:Event was recorded. Not suitable for a time in a geological context.

eventtime

String

Yes

The time or interval during which a dwc:Event occurred.

startdayofyear

String

Yes

The latest integer day of the year on which the Event occurred (1 for 1 January, 365 for 31 December, except in a leap year, in which case it is 366).

enddayofyear

String

Yes

The earliest integer day of the year on which the Event occurred (1 for 1 January, 365 for 31 December, except in a leap year, in which case it is 366).

year

Integer

Yes

The four-digit year in which the event occurred, according to the Common Era calendar.

month

Integer

Yes

The integer month in which the Event occurred.

day

Integer

Yes

The integer day of the month on which the Event occurred.

verbatimeventdate

String

Yes

The verbatim original representation of the date and time information for a dwc:Event.

habitat

String

Yes

A category or description of the habitat in which the dwc:Event occurred.

samplingprotocol

String array

Yes

The methods or protocols used during an Event, denoted by an IRI.

samplesizevalue

String

Yes

A numeric value for a measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling event.

samplesizeunit

String

Yes

The unit of measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling event.

samplingeffort

String

Yes

The amount of effort expended during a dwc:Event.

fieldnotes

String

Yes

One of a) an indicator of the existence of, b) a reference to (publication, URI), or c) the text of notes taken in the field about the dwc:Event.

eventremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dwc:Event.

locationid

String

Yes

An identifier for the set of dcterms:Location information. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

highergeographyid

String

Yes

An identifier for the geographic region within which the dcterms:Location occurred.

highergeography

String array

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of geographic names less specific than the information captured in the dwc:locality term.

continent

String

Yes

The continent, based on a 7 continent model described on Wikipedia and the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD).

In particular this splits the Americas into North and South America with North America including the Caribbean (except Trinidad and Tobago) and reaching down and including Panama.

See the GBIF Continents for the exact divisions.

This is a geographical division. See GBIFRegion for GBIF’s political divisions.

waterbody

String

Yes

The name of the water body in which the Location occurs.

islandgroup

String

Yes

The name of the island group in which the dcterms:Location occurs.

island

String

Yes

The name of the island on or near which the dcterms:Location occurs.

countrycode

String

Yes

The 2-letter country code (as per ISO-3166-1) of the country, territory or area in which the occurrence was recorded.

stateprovince

String

Yes

The name of the next-smaller administrative region than country (state, province, canton, department, region, etc.) in which the occurrence occurs.

This value is unaltered by GBIF’s processing; see also the GADM fields.

county

String

Yes

The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than stateProvince (county, shire, department, etc.) in which the dcterms:Location occurs.

municipality

String

Yes

The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than county (city, municipality, etc.) in which the dcterms:Location occurs. Do not use this term for a nearby named place that does not contain the actual dcterms:Location.

locality

String

Yes

The specific description of the place.

verbatimlocality

String

Yes

The original textual description of the place.

verbatimelevation

String

Yes

The original description of the elevation (altitude, usually above sea level) of the Location.

verticaldatum

String

Yes

The vertical datum used as the reference upon which the values in the elevation terms are based.

verbatimdepth

String

Yes

The original description of the depth below the local surface.

minimumdistanceabovesurfaceinmeters

String

Yes

The lesser distance in a range of distance from a reference surface in the vertical direction, in meters. Use positive values for locations above the surface, negative values for locations below. If depth measures are given, the reference surface is the location given by the depth, otherwise the reference surface is the location given by the elevation.

maximumdistanceabovesurfaceinmeters

String

Yes

The greater distance in a range of distance from a reference surface in the vertical direction, in meters. Use positive values for locations above the surface, negative values for locations below. If depth measures are given, the reference surface is the location given by the depth, otherwise the reference surface is the location given by the elevation.

locationaccordingto

String

Yes

Information about the source of this dcterms:Location information. Could be a publication (gazetteer), institution, or team of individuals.

locationremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dcterms:Location.

decimallatitude

Double

Yes

The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the WGS84 datum) of the geographic centre of the location of the occurrence.

decimallongitude

Double

Yes

The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the WGS84 datum) of the geographic centre of the location of the occurrence.

coordinateuncertaintyinmeters

Double

Yes

The horizontal distance (in metres) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location.

coordinateprecision

Double

Yes

A decimal representation of the precision of the coordinates given in the decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude.

pointradiusspatialfit

String

Yes

The ratio of the area of the point-radius (dwc:decimalLatitude, dwc:decimalLongitude, dwc:coordinateUncertaintyInMeters) to the area of the true (original, or most specific) spatial representation of the dcterms:Location. Legal values are 0, greater than or equal to 1, or undefined. A value of 1 is an exact match or 100% overlap. A value of 0 should be used if the given point-radius does not completely contain the original representation. The dwc:pointRadiusSpatialFit is undefined (and should be left empty) if the original representation is any geometry without area (e.g., a point or polyline) and without uncertainty and the given georeference is not that same geometry (without uncertainty). If both the original and the given georeference are the same point, the dwc:pointRadiusSpatialFit is 1.

verbatimcoordinatesystem

String

Yes

The coordinate format for the dwc:verbatimLatitude and dwc:verbatimLongitude or the dwc:verbatimCoordinates of the dcterms:Location.

verbatimsrs

String

Yes

The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which coordinates given in dwc:verbatimLatitude and dwc:verbatimLongitude, or dwc:verbatimCoordinates are based.

footprintwkt

String

Yes

A Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the shape (footprint, geometry) that defines the dcterms:Location. A dcterms:Location may have both a point-radius representation (see dwc:decimalLatitude) and a footprint representation, and they may differ from each other.

footprintsrs

String

Yes

The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geometry given in dwc:footprintWKT is based.

footprintspatialfit

String

Yes

The ratio of the area of the dwc:footprintWKT to the area of the true (original, or most specific) spatial representation of the dcterms:Location. Legal values are 0, greater than or equal to 1, or undefined. A value of 1 is an exact match or 100% overlap. A value of 0 should be used if the given dwc:footprintWKT does not completely contain the original representation. The dwc:footprintSpatialFit is undefined (and should be left empty) if the original representation is any geometry without area (e.g., a point or polyline) and without uncertainty and the given georeference is not that same geometry (without uncertainty). If both the original and the given georeference are the same point, the dwc:footprintSpatialFit is 1.

georeferencedby

String array

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the dcterms:Location.

georeferenceddate

String

Yes

The date on which the dcterms:Location was georeferenced.

georeferenceprotocol

String

Yes

A description or reference to the methods used to determine the spatial footprint, coordinates, and uncertainties.

georeferencesources

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers, or other resources used to georeference the dcterms:Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources.

georeferenceremarks

String

Yes

Notes or comments about the spatial description determination, explaining assumptions made in addition or opposition to the those formalized in the method referred to in dwc:georeferenceProtocol.

geologicalcontextid

String

Yes

An identifier for the set of information associated with a dwc:GeologicalContext (the location within a geological context, such as stratigraphy). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

earliesteonorlowesteonothem

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic eon or lowest chrono-stratigraphic eonothem or the informal name ("Precambrian") attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

latesteonorhighesteonothem

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The full name of the latest possible geochronologic eon or highest chrono-stratigraphic eonothem or the informal name ("Precambrian") attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

earliesteraorlowesterathem

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic era or lowest chronostratigraphic erathem attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

latesteraorhighesterathem

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The full name of the latest possible geochronologic era or highest chronostratigraphic erathem attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

earliestperiodorlowestsystem

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic period or lowest chronostratigraphic system attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

latestperiodorhighestsystem

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The full name of the latest possible geochronologic period or highest chronostratigraphic system attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

earliestepochorlowestseries

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic epoch or lowest chronostratigraphic series attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

latestepochorhighestseries

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The full name of the latest possible geochronologic epoch or highest chronostratigraphic series attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

earliestageorloweststage

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic age or lowest chronostratigraphic stage attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

latestageorhigheststage

Structure with string .concept and string array .lineage

Yes

The full name of the latest possible geochronologic age or highest chronostratigraphic stage attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

lowestbiostratigraphiczone

String

Yes

The full name of the lowest possible geological biostratigraphic zone of the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

highestbiostratigraphiczone

String

Yes

The full name of the highest possible geological biostratigraphic zone of the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

lithostratigraphicterms

String

Yes

The combination of all litho-stratigraphic names for the rock from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

group_

String

Yes

The full name of the lithostratigraphic group from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

formation

String

Yes

The full name of the lithostratigraphic formation from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

member

String

Yes

The full name of the lithostratigraphic member from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

bed

String

Yes

The full name of the lithostratigraphic bed from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

identificationid

String

Yes

An identifier for the dwc:Identification (the body of information associated with the assignment of a scientific name). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

verbatimidentification

String

Yes

A string representing the taxonomic identification as it appeared in the original record.

identificationqualifier

String

Yes

A brief phrase or a standard term ("cf.", "aff.") to express the determiner’s doubts about the dwc:Identification.

typestatus

String array

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of nomenclatural types (type status, typified scientific name, publication) applied to the occurrence.

identifiedby

String array

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who assigned the Taxon to the occurrence.

identifiedbyid

String array

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of the globally unique identifier for the person, people, groups, or organizations responsible for assigning the dwc:Taxon to the subject.

dateidentified

Timestamp

Yes

The date on which the subject was determined as representing the Taxon.

identificationreferences

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of references (publication, global unique identifier, URI) used in the dwc:Identification.

identificationverificationstatus

String

Yes

A categorical indicator of the extent to which the taxonomic identification has been verified to be correct.

identificationremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dwc:Identification.

taxonid

String

Yes

An identifier for the set of dwc:Taxon information. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

scientificnameid

String

Yes

An identifier for the nomenclatural (not taxonomic) details of a scientific name.

acceptednameusageid

String

Yes

An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) taxon.

parentnameusageid

String

Yes

An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) of the direct, most proximate higher-rank parent taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the dwc:scientificName.

originalnameusageid

String

Yes

An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) in which the terminal element of the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.

nameaccordingtoid

String

Yes

An identifier for the source in which the specific taxon concept circumscription is defined or implied. See dwc:nameAccordingTo.

namepublishedinid

String

Yes

An identifier for the publication in which the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.

taxonconceptid

String

Yes

An identifier for the taxonomic concept to which the record refers - not for the nomenclatural details of a dwc:Taxon.

scientificname

String

Yes

The scientific name (including authorship) for the taxon from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence. This could be a synonym, see also acceptedScientificName.

acceptednameusage

String

Yes

The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) dwc:Taxon.

parentnameusage

String

Yes

The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the direct, most proximate higher-rank parent dwc:Taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the dwc:scientificName.

originalnameusage

String

Yes

The taxon name, with authorship and date information if known, as it originally appeared when first established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode. The basionym (botany) or basonym (bacteriology) of the dwc:scientificName or the senior/earlier homonym for replaced names.

nameaccordingto

String

Yes

The reference to the source in which the specific taxon concept circumscription is defined or implied - traditionally signified by the Latin "sensu" or "sec." (from secundum, meaning "according to"). For taxa that result from identifications, a reference to the keys, monographs, experts and other sources should be given.

namepublishedin

String

Yes

A reference for the publication in which the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.

namepublishedinyear

String

Yes

The four-digit year in which the dwc:scientificName was published.

higherclassification

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of taxa names terminating at the rank immediately superior to the referenced dwc:Taxon.

kingdom

String

Yes

The kingdom name (excluding authorship) for the kingdom from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

phylum

String

Yes

The phylum name (excluding authorship) for the phylum from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

class

String

Yes

The class name (excluding authorship) for the class from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

order_

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the order in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

superfamily

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the superfamily in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

family

String

Yes

The family name (excluding authorship) for the family from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

subfamily

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the subfamily in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

tribe

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the tribe in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

subtribe

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the subtribe in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

genus

String

Yes

The genus name (excluding authorship) for the genus from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

genericname

String

Yes

The genus name part of the species name from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

subgenus

String

Yes

The subgenus name (excluding authorship) for the subgenus from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

infragenericepithet

String

Yes

The infrageneric part of a binomial name at ranks above species but below genus.

specificepithet

String

Yes

The specific name part of the species name from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

infraspecificepithet

String

Yes

The infraspecific name part of the species name from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

cultivarepithet

String

Yes

Part of the name of a cultivar, cultivar group or grex that follows the dwc:scientificName.

taxonrank

String

Yes

The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName.

verbatimtaxonrank

String

Yes

The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the dwc:scientificName as it appears in the original record.

vernacularname

String

Yes

A common or vernacular name.

nomenclaturalcode

String

Yes

The nomenclatural code (or codes in the case of an ambiregnal name) under which the dwc:scientificName is constructed.

taxonomicstatus

String

Yes

The status of the use of the scientificName as a label for a taxon.

nomenclaturalstatus

String

Yes

The status related to the original publication of the name and its conformance to the relevant rules of nomenclature. It is based essentially on an algorithm according to the business rules of the code. It requires no taxonomic opinion.

taxonremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the taxon or name.

datasetkey

String

The UUID of the GBIF dataset containing this occurrence.

publishingcountry

String

Yes

The country, territory or island based on ISO-3166 of the organization publishing the dataset containing this occurrence.

lastinterpreted

Timestamp

Yes

The time this occurrence was last processed by GBIF’s interpretation system “Pipelines”.

This is the time the record was last changed in GBIF, not the time the record was last changed by the publisher. Data is also reprocessed when we changed the taxonomic backbone, geographic data sources or other interpretation procedures.

An earlier interpretation system distinguished between “parsing” and “interpretation”, but in the current system there is only one process — the two dates will always be the same.

elevation

Double

Yes

Elevation (altitude) in metres above sea level. This is not a current Darwin Core term.

elevationaccuracy

Double

Yes

The value of the potential error associated with the elevation. This is not a current Darwin Core term.

depth

Double

Yes

Depth in metres below sea level. This is not a current Darwin Core term.

depthaccuracy

Double

Yes

The value of the potential error associated with the depth. This is not a current Darwin Core term.

distancefromcentroidinmeters

Double

Yes

The distance in metres of the occurrence from a centroid known to be applied to occurrences during georeferencing. This can potentially indicate low-precision georeferencing, check the values of coordinateUncertaintyInMeters and georeferenceRemarks.

issue

String array

Yes

A specific interpretation issue found during processing and interpretation of the record.

See the list of occurrence issues and the OccurrenceIssue enumeration for possible values and definitions.

mediatype

String array

Yes

The media type given as Dublin Core type values, in particular StillImage, MovingImage or Sound.

hascoordinate

Boolean

Yes

Boolean indicating that a valid latitude and longitude exists.

hasgeospatialissues

Boolean

Yes

Boolean indicating that some spatial validation rule has not passed.

taxonkey

Integer

Yes

A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the most specific (lowest rank) taxon for this occurrence. This could be a synonym, see acceptedTaxonKey.

acceptedtaxonkey

Integer

Yes

A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the accepted taxon of this occurrence.

kingdomkey

Integer

Yes

A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the kingdom of thisoccurrence.

phylumkey

Integer

Yes

A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the phylum of thisoccurrence.

classkey

Integer

Yes

A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the class of thisoccurrence.

orderkey

Integer

Yes

A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the order of thisoccurrence.

familykey

Integer

Yes

A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the family of thisoccurrence.

genuskey

Integer

Yes

A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the genus of thisoccurrence.

subgenuskey

Integer

Yes

A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the subgenus of thisoccurrence.

specieskey

Integer

Yes

A taxon key from the GBIF backbone for the species of thisoccurrence.

species

String

Yes

The species name (excluding authorship) for the species from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

acceptedscientificname

String

Yes

The accepted scientific name (including authorship) for the taxon from the GBIF backbone matched to this occurrence.

typifiedname

String

Yes

The scientific name that is based on the type specimen.

This is not yet a Darwin Core term, see the proposal to add it.

protocol

String

Yes

The technical protocol by which this occurrence was retrieved from the publisher’s systems.

lastparsed

Timestamp

Yes

The time this occurrence was last processed by GBIF’s interpretation system “Pipelines”.

An earlier interpretation system distinguished between “parsing” and “interpretation”, but in the current system there is only one process — the two dates will always be the same.

lastcrawled

Timestamp

Yes

The time this occurrence was last retrieved from the publisher’s systems.

repatriated

String

Yes

Boolean indicating if the publishing country is different to the location country.

relativeorganismquantity

String

Yes

The relative measurement of the quantity of the organism (i.e. without absolute units).

projectid

String array

Yes

Identifiers for projects related to this occurrence.

issequenced

String

Yes

Flag occurrence when associatedSequences/extension exists

gbifregion

String

Yes

An enumeration for all GBIF Regions. These are based on IPBES regions.

This is a political division, part of GBIF’s governance structure.

publishedbygbifregion

String

Yes

An enumeration for all GBIF Regions. These are based on IPBES regions.

This is a political division, part of GBIF’s governance structure.

level0gid

String

Yes

The identifier for the top-level division from the GADM database. This is usually a three-letter code from ISO 3166.

level0name

String

Yes

The English name for the top-level division from the GADM database.

level1gid

String

Yes

The identifier for the first-level division from the GADM database.

level1name

String

Yes

The English name for the first-level division from the GADM database.

level2gid

String

Yes

The identifier for the second-level division from the GADM database.

level2name

String

Yes

The English name for the second-level division from the GADM database.

level3gid

String

Yes

The identifier for the third-level division from the GADM database.

level3name

String

Yes

The English name for the third-level division from the GADM database.

iucnredlistcategory

String

Yes

The IUCN Red List Category of the taxon of this occurrence.

See the GBIF vocabulary for the values and their definitions, and the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species dataset in GBIF for the version of the Red List GBIF’s interpretation procedures are using.

publishingorgkey

String

Yes

The UUID of the organization which publishes the dataset containing this occurrence.

installationkey

String

Yes

The UUID of the technical installation hosted the dataset containing this occurrence.

institutionkey

String

Yes

Experimental. The UUID of the institution holding the specimen occurrence, from GRSciColl.

collectionkey

String

Yes

Experimental. The UUID of the collection containing the specimen occurrence, from GRSciColl.

programmeacronym

String

Yes

The identifier for a programme which funded the digitization of this occurrence.

hostingorganizationkey

String

Yes

The UUID of the publishing organization which operates the technical installation hosting the dataset containing this occurrence.

isincluster

String

Yes

Experimental. Whether the occurrence belongs to a machine-calculated cluster of probable duplicate occurrences.

dwcaextension

String array

Yes

The list of Darwin Core extensions present on the occurrence record.

eventdategte

Timestamp

Yes

Experimental The lower bound for the eventDate term as a timestamp, 2000-01-01T00:00:00 for an event date of 2000.

eventdatelte

Timestamp

Yes

Experimental The upper bound for the eventDate term as a timestamp, 2000-12-31T23:59:59 for an event date of 2000.

v_accessrights

String

Yes

Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status.

v_bibliographiccitation

String

Yes

A bibliographic reference for the resource.

v_language

String

Yes

A language of the resource.

v_license

String

Yes

A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.

v_modified

String

Yes

The most recent date-time on which the resource was changed.

v_publisher

String

Yes

An entity responsible for making the image available.

v_references

String

Yes

A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.

v_rightsholder

String

Yes

A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.

v_type

String

Yes

The nature or genre of the resource.

v_institutionid

String

Yes

An identifier for the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.

v_collectionid

String

Yes

An identifier for the collection or dataset from which the record was derived.

v_datasetid

String

Yes

An identifier for the set of data. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to a collection or institution.

v_institutioncode

String

Yes

The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.

v_collectioncode

String

Yes

The name, acronym, coden, or initialism identifying the collection or data set from which the record was derived.

v_datasetname

String

Yes

The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived.

v_ownerinstitutioncode

String

Yes

The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having ownership of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.

v_basisofrecord

String

Yes

The specific nature of the data record.

v_informationwithheld

String

Yes

Additional information that exists, but that has not been shared in the given record.

v_datageneralizations

String

Yes

Actions taken to make the shared data less specific or complete than in its original form. Suggests that alternative data of higher quality may be available on request.

v_dynamicproperties

String

Yes

A list of additional measurements, facts, characteristics, or assertions about the record. Meant to provide a mechanism for structured content.

v_occurrenceid

String

Yes

v_catalognumber

String

Yes

An identifier (preferably unique) for the record within the data set or collection.

v_recordnumber

String

Yes

An identifier given to the dwc:Occurrence at the time it was recorded. Often serves as a link between field notes and a dwc:Occurrence record, such as a specimen collector’s number.

v_recordedby

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations responsible for recording the original dwc:Occurrence. The primary collector or observer, especially one who applies a personal identifier (dwc:recordNumber), should be listed first.

v_recordedbyid

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of the globally unique identifier for the person, people, groups, or organizations responsible for recording the original dwc:Occurrence.

v_individualcount

String

Yes

The number of individuals present at the time of the dwc:Occurrence.

v_organismquantity

String

Yes

A number or enumeration value for the quantity of dwc:Organisms.

v_organismquantitytype

String

Yes

The type of quantification system used for the quantity of dwc:Organisms.

v_sex

String

Yes

The sex of the biological individual(s) represented in the dwc:Occurrence.

v_lifestage

String

Yes

The age class or life stage of the dwc:Organism(s) at the time the dwc:Occurrence was recorded.

v_reproductivecondition

String

Yes

The reproductive condition of the biological individual(s) represented in the dwc:Occurrence.

v_caste

String

Yes

Categorisation of individuals for eusocial species (including some mammals and arthropods).

v_behavior

String

Yes

The behavior shown by the subject at the time the dwc:Occurrence was recorded.

v_vitality

String

Yes

An indication of whether a dwc:Organism was alive or dead at the time of collection or observation.

v_establishmentmeans

String

Yes

Statement about whether a dwc:Organism has been introduced to a given place and time through the direct or indirect activity of modern humans.

v_degreeofestablishment

String

Yes

The degree to which a dwc:Organism survives, reproduces, and expands its range at the given place and time.

v_pathway

String

Yes

The process by which a dwc:Organism came to be in a given place at a given time.

v_georeferenceverificationstatus

String

Yes

A categorical description of the extent to which the georeference has been verified to represent the best possible spatial description for the dcterms:Location of the dwc:Occurrence.

v_occurrencestatus

String

Yes

A statement about the presence or absence of a dwc:Taxon at a dcterms:Location.

v_preparations

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of preparations and preservation methods for a dwc:MaterialEntity.

v_disposition

String

Yes

The current state of a dwc:MaterialEntity with respect to a collection.

v_associatedmedia

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, global unique identifier, URI) of media associated with the dwc:Occurrence.

v_associatedoccurrences

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers of other dwc:Occurrence records and their associations to this dwc:Occurrence.

v_associatedreferences

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, bibliographic reference, global unique identifier, URI) of literature associated with the dwc:Occurrence.

v_associatedsequences

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, global unique identifier, URI) of genetic sequence information associated with the dwc:MaterialEntity.

v_associatedtaxa

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers or names of dwc:Taxon records and the associations of this dwc:Occurrence to each of them.

v_othercatalognumbers

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of previous or alternate fully qualified catalog numbers or other human-used identifiers for the same dwc:Occurrence, whether in the current or any other data set or collection.

v_occurrenceremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dwc:Occurrence.

v_organismid

String

Yes

An identifier for the dwc:Organism instance (as opposed to a particular digital record of the dwc:Organism). May be a globally unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

v_organismname

String

Yes

A textual name or label assigned to a dwc:Organism instance.

v_organismscope

String

Yes

A description of the kind of dwc:Organism instance. Can be used to indicate whether the dwc:Organism instance represents a discrete organism or if it represents a particular type of aggregation.

v_associatedorganisms

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers of other dwc:Organisms and the associations of this dwc:Organism to each of them.

v_previousidentifications

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of previous assignments of names to the dwc:Organism.

v_organismremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dwc:Organism instance.

v_materialentityid

String

Yes

An identifier for a particular instance of a dwc:MaterialEntity.

v_materialentityremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dwc:MaterialEntity instance.

v_verbatimlabel

String

Yes

v_materialsampleid

String

Yes

v_eventid

String

Yes

An identifier for the set of information associated with a dwc:Event (something that occurs at a place and time). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

v_parenteventid

String

Yes

An identifier for the broader dwc:Event that groups this and potentially other dwc:Events.

v_eventtype

String

Yes

The nature of the dwc:Event.

v_fieldnumber

String

Yes

An identifier given to the dwc:Event in the field. Often serves as a link between field notes and the dwc:Event.

v_eventdate

String

Yes

The date-time or interval during which a dwc:Event occurred. For occurrences, this is the date-time when the dwc:Event was recorded. Not suitable for a time in a geological context.

v_eventtime

String

Yes

The time or interval during which a dwc:Event occurred.

v_startdayofyear

String

Yes

The earliest integer day of the year on which the dwc:Event occurred (1 for January 1, 365 for December 31, except in a leap year, in which case it is 366).

v_enddayofyear

String

Yes

The latest integer day of the year on which the dwc:Event occurred (1 for January 1, 365 for December 31, except in a leap year, in which case it is 366).

v_year

String

Yes

The four-digit year in which the dwc:Event occurred, according to the Common Era Calendar.

v_month

String

Yes

The integer month in which the dwc:Event occurred.

v_day

String

Yes

The integer day of the month on which the dwc:Event occurred.

v_verbatimeventdate

String

Yes

The verbatim original representation of the date and time information for a dwc:Event.

v_habitat

String

Yes

A category or description of the habitat in which the dwc:Event occurred.

v_samplingprotocol

String

Yes

The names of, references to, or descriptions of the methods or protocols used during a dwc:Event.

v_samplesizevalue

String

Yes

A numeric value for a measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling dwc:Event.

v_samplesizeunit

String

Yes

The unit of measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling dwc:Event.

v_samplingeffort

String

Yes

The amount of effort expended during a dwc:Event.

v_fieldnotes

String

Yes

One of a) an indicator of the existence of, b) a reference to (publication, URI), or c) the text of notes taken in the field about the dwc:Event.

v_eventremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dwc:Event.

v_locationid

String

Yes

An identifier for the set of dcterms:Location information. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

v_highergeographyid

String

Yes

An identifier for the geographic region within which the dcterms:Location occurred.

v_highergeography

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of geographic names less specific than the information captured in the dwc:locality term.

v_continent

String

Yes

The name of the continent in which the dcterms:Location occurs.

v_waterbody

String

Yes

The name of the water body in which the dcterms:Location occurs.

v_islandgroup

String

Yes

The name of the island group in which the dcterms:Location occurs.

v_island

String

Yes

The name of the island on or near which the dcterms:Location occurs.

v_country

String

Yes

The name of the country or major administrative unit in which the dcterms:Location occurs.

v_countrycode

String

Yes

The standard code for the country in which the dcterms:Location occurs.

v_stateprovince

String

Yes

The name of the next smaller administrative region than country (state, province, canton, department, region, etc.) in which the dcterms:Location occurs.

v_county

String

Yes

The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than stateProvince (county, shire, department, etc.) in which the dcterms:Location occurs.

v_municipality

String

Yes

v_locality

String

Yes

The specific description of the place.

v_verbatimlocality

String

Yes

The original textual description of the place.

v_minimumelevationinmeters

String

Yes

The lower limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in meters.

v_maximumelevationinmeters

String

Yes

The upper limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in meters.

v_verbatimelevation

String

Yes

The original description of the elevation (altitude, usually above sea level) of the Location.

v_verticaldatum

String

Yes

The vertical datum used as the reference upon which the values in the elevation terms are based.

v_minimumdepthinmeters

String

Yes

The lesser depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in meters.

v_maximumdepthinmeters

String

Yes

The greater depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in meters.

v_verbatimdepth

String

Yes

The original description of the depth below the local surface.

v_minimumdistanceabovesurfaceinmeters

String

Yes

v_maximumdistanceabovesurfaceinmeters

String

Yes

v_locationaccordingto

String

Yes

Information about the source of this dcterms:Location information. Could be a publication (gazetteer), institution, or team of individuals.

v_locationremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dcterms:Location.

v_decimallatitude

String

Yes

The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in dwc:geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a dcterms:Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive.

v_decimallongitude

String

Yes

The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in dwc:geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a dcterms:Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive.

v_geodeticdatum

String

Yes

The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in dwc:decimalLatitude and dwc:decimalLongitude are based.

v_coordinateuncertaintyinmeters

String

Yes

The horizontal distance (in meters) from the given dwc:decimalLatitude and dwc:decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the dcterms:Location. Leave the value empty if the uncertainty is unknown, cannot be estimated, or is not applicable (because there are no coordinates). Zero is not a valid value for this term.

v_coordinateprecision

String

Yes

A decimal representation of the precision of the coordinates given in the dwc:decimalLatitude and dwc:decimalLongitude.

v_pointradiusspatialfit

String

Yes

v_verbatimcoordinates

String

Yes

The verbatim original spatial coordinates of the dcterms:Location. The coordinate ellipsoid, geodeticDatum, or full Spatial Reference System (SRS) for these coordinates should be stored in dwc:verbatimSRS and the coordinate system should be stored in dwc:verbatimCoordinateSystem.

v_verbatimlatitude

String

Yes

The verbatim original latitude of the dcterms:Location. The coordinate ellipsoid, geodeticDatum, or full Spatial Reference System (SRS) for these coordinates should be stored in dwc:verbatimSRS and the coordinate system should be stored in dwc:verbatimCoordinateSystem.

v_verbatimlongitude

String

Yes

The verbatim original longitude of the dcterms:Location. The coordinate ellipsoid, geodeticDatum, or full Spatial Reference System (SRS) for these coordinates should be stored in dwc:verbatimSRS and the coordinate system should be stored in dwc:verbatimCoordinateSystem.

v_verbatimcoordinatesystem

String

Yes

The coordinate format for the dwc:verbatimLatitude and dwc:verbatimLongitude or the dwc:verbatimCoordinates of the dcterms:Location.

v_verbatimsrs

String

Yes

The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which coordinates given in dwc:verbatimLatitude and dwc:verbatimLongitude, or dwc:verbatimCoordinates are based.

v_footprintwkt

String

Yes

v_footprintsrs

String

Yes

The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geometry given in dwc:footprintWKT is based.

v_footprintspatialfit

String

Yes

v_georeferencedby

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the dcterms:Location.

v_georeferenceddate

String

Yes

The date on which the dcterms:Location was georeferenced.

v_georeferenceprotocol

String

Yes

A description or reference to the methods used to determine the spatial footprint, coordinates, and uncertainties.

v_georeferencesources

String

Yes

v_georeferenceremarks

String

Yes

Notes or comments about the spatial description determination, explaining assumptions made in addition or opposition to the those formalized in the method referred to in dwc:georeferenceProtocol.

v_geologicalcontextid

String

Yes

v_earliesteonorlowesteonothem

String

Yes

v_latesteonorhighesteonothem

String

Yes

v_earliesteraorlowesterathem

String

Yes

The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic era or lowest chronostratigraphic erathem attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_latesteraorhighesterathem

String

Yes

The full name of the latest possible geochronologic era or highest chronostratigraphic erathem attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_earliestperiodorlowestsystem

String

Yes

The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic period or lowest chronostratigraphic system attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_latestperiodorhighestsystem

String

Yes

The full name of the latest possible geochronologic period or highest chronostratigraphic system attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_earliestepochorlowestseries

String

Yes

The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic epoch or lowest chronostratigraphic series attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_latestepochorhighestseries

String

Yes

The full name of the latest possible geochronologic epoch or highest chronostratigraphic series attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_earliestageorloweststage

String

Yes

The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic age or lowest chronostratigraphic stage attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_latestageorhigheststage

String

Yes

The full name of the latest possible geochronologic age or highest chronostratigraphic stage attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_lowestbiostratigraphiczone

String

Yes

The full name of the lowest possible geological biostratigraphic zone of the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_highestbiostratigraphiczone

String

Yes

The full name of the highest possible geological biostratigraphic zone of the stratigraphic horizon from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_lithostratigraphicterms

String

Yes

The combination of all litho-stratigraphic names for the rock from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_group

String

Yes

The full name of the lithostratigraphic group from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_formation

String

Yes

The full name of the lithostratigraphic formation from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_member

String

Yes

The full name of the lithostratigraphic member from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_bed

String

Yes

The full name of the lithostratigraphic bed from which the dwc:MaterialEntity was collected.

v_identificationid

String

Yes

An identifier for the dwc:Identification (the body of information associated with the assignment of a scientific name). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

v_verbatimidentification

String

Yes

A string representing the taxonomic identification as it appeared in the original record.

v_identificationqualifier

String

Yes

A brief phrase or a standard term ("cf.", "aff.") to express the determiner’s doubts about the dwc:Identification.

v_typestatus

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of nomenclatural types (type status, typified scientific name, publication) applied to the subject.

v_identifiedby

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who assigned the dwc:Taxon to the subject.

v_identifiedbyid

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of the globally unique identifier for the person, people, groups, or organizations responsible for assigning the dwc:Taxon to the subject.

v_dateidentified

String

Yes

The date on which the subject was determined as representing the dwc:Taxon.

v_identificationreferences

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of references (publication, global unique identifier, URI) used in the dwc:Identification.

v_identificationverificationstatus

String

Yes

A categorical indicator of the extent to which the taxonomic identification has been verified to be correct.

v_identificationremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the dwc:Identification.

v_taxonid

String

Yes

An identifier for the set of dwc:Taxon information. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.

v_scientificnameid

String

Yes

An identifier for the nomenclatural (not taxonomic) details of a scientific name.

v_acceptednameusageid

String

Yes

An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) taxon.

v_parentnameusageid

String

Yes

v_originalnameusageid

String

Yes

v_nameaccordingtoid

String

Yes

An identifier for the source in which the specific taxon concept circumscription is defined or implied. See dwc:nameAccordingTo.

v_namepublishedinid

String

Yes

An identifier for the publication in which the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.

v_taxonconceptid

String

Yes

An identifier for the taxonomic concept to which the record refers - not for the nomenclatural details of a dwc:Taxon.

v_scientificname

String

Yes

The full scientific name, with authorship and date information if known. When forming part of a dwc:Identification, this should be the name in lowest level taxonomic rank that can be determined. This term should not contain identification qualifications, which should instead be supplied in the dwc:identificationQualifier term.

v_acceptednameusage

String

Yes

The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) dwc:Taxon.

v_parentnameusage

String

Yes

The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the direct, most proximate higher-rank parent dwc:Taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the dwc:scientificName.

v_originalnameusage

String

Yes

v_nameaccordingto

String

Yes

v_namepublishedin

String

Yes

A reference for the publication in which the dwc:scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated dwc:nomenclaturalCode.

v_namepublishedinyear

String

Yes

The four-digit year in which the dwc:scientificName was published.

v_higherclassification

String

Yes

A list (concatenated and separated) of taxa names terminating at the rank immediately superior to the referenced dwc:Taxon.

v_kingdom

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

v_phylum

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

v_class

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the class in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

v_order

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the order in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

v_superfamily

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the superfamily in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

v_family

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the family in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

v_subfamily

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the subfamily in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

v_tribe

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the tribe in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

v_subtribe

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the subtribe in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

v_genus

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the genus in which the dwc:Taxon is classified.

v_genericname

String

Yes

The genus part of the dwc:scientificName without authorship.

v_subgenus

String

Yes

The full scientific name of the subgenus in which the dwc:Taxon is classified. Values should include the genus to avoid homonym confusion.

v_infragenericepithet

String

Yes

The infrageneric part of a binomial name at ranks above species but below genus.

v_specificepithet

String

Yes

The name of the first or species epithet of the dwc:scientificName.

v_infraspecificepithet

String

Yes

The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the dwc:scientificName, excluding any rank designation.

v_cultivarepithet

String

Yes

Part of the name of a cultivar, cultivar group or grex that follows the dwc:scientificName.

v_taxonrank

String

Yes

The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the dwc:scientificName.

v_verbatimtaxonrank

String

Yes

The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the dwc:scientificName as it appears in the original record.

v_scientificnameauthorship

String

Yes

The authorship information for the dwc:scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable dwc:nomenclaturalCode.

v_vernacularname

String

Yes

A common or vernacular name.

v_nomenclaturalcode

String

Yes

The nomenclatural code (or codes in the case of an ambiregnal name) under which the dwc:scientificName is constructed.

v_taxonomicstatus

String

Yes

The status of the use of the dwc:scientificName as a label for a taxon. Requires taxonomic opinion to define the scope of a dwc:Taxon. Rules of priority then are used to define the taxonomic status of the nomenclature contained in that scope, combined with the experts opinion. It must be linked to a specific taxonomic reference that defines the concept.

v_nomenclaturalstatus

String

Yes

v_taxonremarks

String

Yes

Comments or notes about the taxon or name.

The SQL parser is strict, and column names that are also SQL keywords must be quoted. For example, "year", "month" and "day".

Query validation

You can validate your queries using the validation API call.

curl --include --header "Content-Type: application/json" --data @query.json https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/request/validate

Your query will be returned if it is valid, and an error message with an explanation will be returned if it is invalid.

Further examples

For a complete example of generating a data cube see the Species occurrence cubes page.